Pavement

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Use of this Guide
2. Operating Environment
3. Types of Sprayed Seal Treatments
4. Selection of Treatments
5. Design Method
6. Seal Design Input Parameters
7. Construction
References
Appendix A Photographic Examples of Pavement Preparation
Appendix B Austroads Vehicle Classification
Appendix C Worked Examples
Appendix D Determination of Maximum Pavement Temperature
Appendix E Guidance to Field Application of PMBs and Multigrade Bitumens
- Appendix E 1 Adhesion and Cohesion Characteristics
- Appendix E 2 Cutting Back PMB or Multigrade Bitumen
Appendix F Summary of Tables and Design Factors
Tables
Figures

6.1.3 Design Voids Factor

The design voids factor,VF, is now calculated by Equation 5:

			Design voids factor, VF = Vf + Va + Vt	5
where
	Vf	=	basic voids factor
	Va	=	adjustment for aggregate shape
	Vt	=	adjustment for traffic effects

If adjustments for aggregate shape and traffic effects result in a reduction in the basic voids factor of 0.04 L/m²/mm or more, special consideration should be given to the suitability of the treatment and possible selection of alternative treatments.

Selection of an alternative type of treatment should be considered where the design voids factor is at, or close to, the minimum recommended value of 0.10 L/m²/mm. For example, use of a PMB to aid aggregate retention or a double/double seal to provide a more robust treatment.

Pavement

6.1.3 Design Voids Factor

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