Pavement

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Use of this Guide
2. Operating Environment
3. Types of Sprayed Seal Treatments
4. Selection of Treatments
5. Design Method
6. Seal Design Input Parameters
7. Construction
References
Appendix A Photographic Examples of Pavement Preparation
Appendix B Austroads Vehicle Classification
Appendix C Worked Examples
Appendix D Determination of Maximum Pavement Temperature
Appendix E Guidance to Field Application of PMBs and Multigrade Bitumens
- Appendix E 1 Adhesion and Cohesion Characteristics
- Appendix E 2 Cutting Back PMB or Multigrade Bitumen
Appendix F Summary of Tables and Design Factors
Tables
Figures

2.2.3 Whole-of-life Costing

Whole-of-life costing recognises all user costs and road construction and maintenance costs that are expected in the long term and is used to evaluate alternative treatments that have different construction and maintenance cash‑flow streams.

Cost elements should include construction and future maintenance and rehabilitation, as well as user costs. User costs can include increased vehicle operating costs due to deteriorated pavement roughness and delay expected during maintenance and rehabilitation activities.

Pavement

2.2.3 Whole-of-life Costing

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