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Assessing Fitness to Drive

Table of Contents

References and further reading

  1. Charlton, J. L. & Monash University Accident Research Centre. Influence of chronic illness on crash involvement of motor vehicle drivers. (Monash University Accident Research Centre, 2010).
  2. Charlton, J.L., Di Stefano, M., Dow, J., Rapoport, M.J., O’Neill, D., Odell, M., Darzins, P., & Koppel, S. Influence of chronic Illness on crash involvement of motor vehicle drivers: 3rd edition. Monash University Accident Research Centre Reports 353. Melbourne, Australia: Monash University Accident Research Centre. (2021)
  3. Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. Guideline for the perioperative care of patients selected for day stay procedures. (2018).
  4. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. RACGP aged care clinical guide (Silver Book). (2021).
  5. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice (Red Book), 9th edition. (2016).
  6. Wallis, K. A., Matthews, J. & Spurling, G. K. Assessing fitness to drive in older people: the need for an evidence-based toolkit in general practice. Medical Journal of Australia 212, 396-398.e1 (2020).
  7. Pomidor, A. et al. Clinician’s guide to assessing and counseling older drivers. (The American Geriatrics Society, 2019).
  8. Falkenstein, M., Karthaus, M. & Brüne-Cohrs, U. Age-related diseases and driving safety. Geriatrics (Switzerland) vol. 5 1–28 (2020).
  9. Allan, C., Coxon, K., Bundy, A., Peattie, L. & Keay, L. DriveSafe and DriveAware assessment tools are a measure of driving- related function and predicts self-reported restriction for older drivers. Journal of Applied Gerontology 35, 583–600 (2016).
  10. Unsworth, C., Pallant, J., Russel, K. & Odell, M. OT–DORA Battery: Occupational therapy driver off-road assessment battery. (AOTA Press, 2011).
  11. Hines, A. & Bundy, A. C. Predicting driving ability using DriveSafe and DriveAware in people with cognitive impairments: a replication study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 61, 224–229 (2014).
  12. Unsworth, C. A. et al. Development of a standardised occupational therapy – driver off-road assessment battery to assess older and/or functionally impaired drivers. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 59, 23–36 (2012).
  13. Parekh, V. Psychoactive drugs and driving. Australian Prescriber 42, 182–185 (2019).
  14. EMCDDA. Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents - 2nd edition. (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2014).
  15. Arkell, T. R. et al. Effect of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on driving performance: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 324, 2177–2186 (2020).
  16. RACGP. Use of medical cannabis products. Position statement (2019).
  17. Hartman, R. L. & Huestis, M. A. Cannabis effects on driving skills. Clinical Chemistry vol. 59 478–492 (2013).
  18. Ramaekers, J. G. Driving under the influence of cannabis an increasing public health concern. JAMA 319, 1433–1434 (2018).
  19. Arnold, J. C., Nation, T. & McGregor, I. S. Prescribing medicinal cannabis. Australian Prescriber 43, 152–159 (2020).
  20. Bosker, W. M. et al. Medicinal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol) impairs on-the-road driving performance of occasional and heavy cannabis users but is not detected in Standard Field Sobriety Tests. Addiction 107, 1837–1844 (2012).
  21. Chesney, E. et al. Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 45, 1799–1806 (2020).
  22. Broyd, S. J., van Hell, H. H., Beale, C., Yücel, M. & Solowij, N. Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human cognition – a systematic review. Biological Psychiatry vol. 79 557–567 (2016).
  23. TGA. Guidance for the use of medicinal cannabis in Australia Overview. (2017).
  24. TGA. Safety of low dose cannabidiol. (2020).
  25. McCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C. & McGregor, I. S. Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 126, (2021).
  26. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Prescribing drugs of dependence in general practice, Part B: Benzodiazepines. (2015).
  27. Royal Australian College of Physicians. Prescription opioid policy – improving management of chronic non-malignant pain and prevention of problems associated with prescription opioid use. (2009).
  28. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Prescribing drugs of dependence in general practice, Part C1: Opioids. (2017).
  29. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Prescribing drugs of dependence in general practice, Part C2: The role of opioids in pain management. (2017).
  30. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. Prescribing drugs of dependence in general practice, Part A: Clinical governance framework. (2015).
  31. Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. Faculty of Pain Management: Statement regarding the use of opioid analgesics in patients with chronic non- cancer pain. (2020).
  32. Di Stefano, M. & Ross, P. VicRoads Guidelines for occupational therapy driver assessors, 3rd edition, Melbourne, Australia: Roads Corporation Victoria (2018).
  33. Golisz, K. Occupational therapy interventions to improve driving performance in older adults: a systematic review. American Journal of Occupational Therapy vol. 68 662–669 (2014).
  34. Unsworth, C. A. & Baker, A. Driver rehabilitation: a systematic review of the types and effectiveness of interventions used by occupational therapists to improve on-road fitness-to-drive. Accident Analysis and Prevention 71, 106–114 (2014).
  35. Classen, S. & Brooks, J. Driving simulators for occupational therapy screening, assessment, and intervention. Occupational Therapy in Health Care 28, 154–162 (2014).
  36. Spindle, T. R., et al. Acute effects of smoked and vaporized cannabis in healthy adults who infrequently use cannabis: a crossover trial. JAMA Network Open, vol. 1 7, e184841. (2018).
  37. Vandrey, R., et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of oral cannabis in humans: blood and oral fluid disposition and relation to pharmacodynamic outcomes. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 41 2, 83–99. (2017).