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Connected and Automated Vehicles

Cover of Education and Training for Drivers of Assisted and Automated Vehicles
Education and Training for Drivers of Assisted and Automated Vehicles
  • Publication no: AP-R616-20
  • ISBN: 978-1-925854-94-7
  • Published: 17 March 2020

This report documents the outcomes of research designed to:

  • examine what role, if any, registration and licensing authorities should undertake to ensure that licence applicants are competent in the use of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS; SAE Levels 0-2) and automated driving features (ADF; SAE Level 3); and
  • determine whether there is a need to review the current driver licensing framework to address gaps (perceived or real) in driver competency when operating these systems and features.

The study involved a literature review, stakeholder consultations, a training needs analysis and an assessment of key issues specified by Austroads. It concluded that registration and licensing authorities have a potential role to play in the learning and assessment of the use of ADAS/ADF by light and heavy vehicle drivers, but that there is no need to review the current driver licensing framework; however, research and crash data in relation to ADAS/ADF should be monitored to identify if future changes are justified. Options for specific learning and assessment initiatives are proposed.

  • Summary
  • Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Background
    • 1.2 Project Purpose
    • 1.3 Project Objectives
    • 1.4 Intended End Users
    • 1.5 Project Research Tasks
    • 1.6 Scope
    • 1.7 Terminology
    • 1.8 Structure of this Report
  • 2. Literature Review and Web Search
    • 2.1 Method for Literature Review
    • 2.2 Method for Web Search
    • 2.3 Emerging Skills Needed to Operate ADAS Features
    • 2.4 The Traditional Driving Task
      • 2.4.1 Michon (1985)
      • 2.4.2 Brown (1986)
    • 2.5 Impact of Automation on Driving
      • 2.5.1 SAE Levels 0, 1 and 2
      • 2.5.2 SAE Levels 3, 4 and 5
    • 2.6 The Changing Role of the Driver
    • 2.7 Skills Required for Using ADAS and Automated Driving Features
      • 2.7.1 Skills needed to monitor the normal functioning of ADAS and automated driving features
      • 2.7.2 Skills needed to respond to failures or limitations of automated driving systems
      • 2.7.3 Complementary perspectives
      • 2.7.4 Human factors issues
    • 2.8 Current ADAS and Automated Driving Features
    • 2.9 Vehicle Features Categorised as SAE Levels 0 to 3
    • 2.10 Consumer Knowledge of ADAS
    • 2.11 Consumer Preferences for Training on ADAS
      • 2.11.1 Actual methods of education and training employed by customers
      • 2.11.2 Preferred methods of education and training
      • 2.11.3 Discrepancies between actual and preferred education and training methods
      • 2.11.4 Demographic differences in education and training preferences
    • 2.12 Attaining Knowledge: Information Sources about ADAS Functions and Operation (First Owner)
    • 2.13 Attaining Knowledge: Information Sources about ADAS Functions and Operation (Subsequent
    • Owners/Drivers)
    • 2.14 Education and Training: Current Practices Around ADAS and Automated Vehicle Technologies
      • 2.14.1 Information relevant to driver education and training provided by registration and licensing
      • authorities
      • 2.14.2 Key findings
    • 2.15 Education and Training: Misuse of ADAS or Automated Driving Technologies
      • 2.15.1 Misuse of automated vehicle technologies and road safety implications
      • 2.15.2 Enhanced driver education and training to prevent and mitigate the effects of automation misuse
    • 2.16 Incorporation of ADAS Features in Driver Assessment/Testing Programs
    • 2.17 Impact of ADAS in Driver Testing Programs
    • 2.18 Summary of Findings – Literature Review and Web Search
  • 3. Stakeholder Consultation
    • 3.1 Method
    • 3.2 Derivation of Questions for Stakeholder Consultations
    • 3.3 Identification of Stakeholder Groups
    • 3.4 Consultation Process
      • 3.4.1 Interviews
      • 3.4.2 Web survey
    • 3.5 Analysis of Consultation Data
    • 3.6 Summary of Key Responses and Issues
    • 3.7 Provision of Educational and Training Information and Materials
      • 3.7.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
      • 3.7.2 Industry (all)
      • 3.7.3 Industry (FCAI & OEMs)
    • 3.8 Provision of Formal Education and Training
      • 3.8.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
      • 3.8.2 Industry (all)
    • 3.9 Provision of Information for Buyers/Users of Used Vehicles
      • 3.9.1 Industry (all)
      • 3.9.2 Industry (FCAI & OEMs)
    • 3.10 Extent to Which ADAS are Equipped or Retrofitted to Vehicles
      • 3.10.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
      • 3.10.2 Industry (all)
    • 3.11 Customer Preferences for Obtaining Information
      • 3.11.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
      • 3.11.2 Industry (all)
      • 3.11.3 Industry (FCAI & OEMs)
    • 3.12 Research to Understand Drivers’ Knowledge of ADAS/ADFs
      • 3.12.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
      • 3.12.2 Industry (all)
      • 3.12.3 Industry (FCAI & OEMs)
    • 3.13 Future Role in Education and Training of Drivers
      • 3.13.1 Government (NHVR)
      • 3.13.2 Industry (all)
      • 3.13.3 Industry (FCAI & OEMs)
    • 3.14 Stakeholder Roles in Providing Education and Training to End Users
      • 3.14.1 Industry (all)
    • 3.15 Role of R&L Agencies in Providing Driver Education and Training
      • 3.15.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
      • 3.15.2 Industry (all)
      • 3.15.3 Industry (FCAI & OEMs)
    • 3.16 Organisational Policy in Relation to Allowing ADAS During the Practical Driving Test
      • 3.16.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
    • 3.17 Changes to Current Driver Education and Licence Testing Requirements
      • 3.17.1 Government (R&L; NHVR)
    • 3.18 Proper Control of Automated Driving Systems
      • 3.18.1 Government (NTC)
    • 3.19 Safety Assurance System for Automated Driving Systems
      • 3.19.1 Government (NTC)
    • 3.20 Summary of Findings
  • 4. Training Needs Analysis
    • 4.1 Background
    • 4.2 Aim
    • 4.3 Method
      • 4.3.1 Definition of terms
    • 4.4 Performance Needs Analysis
      • 4.4.1 ADAS/ADF and the Australian and New Zealand driving context
      • 4.4.2 Task analysis
      • 4.4.3 Target population analysis
      • 4.4.4 Performance gaps and learning needs
    • 4.5 Learning and Assessment Options Analysis
      • 4.5.1 Potential learning and assessment strategies
      • 4.5.2 Options analysis
      • 4.5.3 Options evaluation
    • 4.6 Recommended Learning and Assessment Strategy
      • 4.6.1 Description
      • 4.6.2 Implementation issues
  • 5. Discussion and Conclusions
    • 5.1 Literature Review and Web Search
    • 5.2 Stakeholder Consultation
      • 5.2.1 The current landscape
      • 5.2.2 Potential roles of R&L agencies
    • 5.3 Training Needs Analysis
    • 5.4 Assessment of Key Issues
    • 5.5 General Conclusion
  • References
  • Appendix A Project Research Tasks
    • A.1 Summary of all research tasks as part of this project
  • Appendix B Summary of Known Current Information Sources about ADAS Functions and Operations
    • B.1 Summary of known current information sources about ADAS functions and operations
  • Appendix C Educational Practice Around ADAS and ADFs
    • C.1 Educational practice around ADAS and ADFs
  • Appendix D Education and Training for the Use of ADAS and ADFs From Registration and Licensing Authorities
    • D.1 Education and training for the use of ADAS and ADFs from registration and licensing authorities (for
    • light vehicles only)
    • D.2 Education and training for the use of ADAS and ADFs gleaned from registration and licensing authorities (for heavy vehicles only)
  • Appendix E Task Analysis
    • E.1 Generic ADAS/ADF driver tasks
    • E.2 ADAS/ADF-specific driver tasks
  • Appendix F Risk Matrix
    • F.1 Risk level assessment matrix
    • F.2 Likelihood ratings
    • F.3 Consequence ratings
  • Appendix G Stakeholder Consultation Agenda and Research Questions
    • G.1 Consultation agenda with National Transport Commission (15 February 2019)
    • G.2 Consultation agenda with industry stakeholders (1 March 2019)
    • G.3 Consultation agenda with Registration and Licensing Agencies (6 March 2019)
    • G.4 Consultation agenda with FCAI/OEMs (20 March 2019)
    • G.5 Consultation agenda with New Zealand Transport Agency (9 April 2019)
    • G.6 Consultation agenda with National Heavy Vehicle Regulator (10 April 2019)
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