Road Design
- Publication no: AGRD04-23
- ISBN: 978-1-925451-74-0
- Published: 29 May 2023
- Edition: 2.2
- PDF (free) Download
Guide to Road Design Part 4: Intersections and Crossings: General contains guidance that provides road designers and other practitioners with information that is common to the geometric design of all at-grade intersections. It contains information on the types of intersections, the road design considerations for intersections and the design process for the development of an intersection layout. The considerations include the selection of design vehicles, types of road users and provision of public transport facilities. Guidance is also provided for pedestrian, cyclist, and rail crossings.
Edition 2.2 contains editorial and technical changes to Sections 3.1, 4.4, 4.5, 6.3, 7.1, 8.2, 9.1 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3. It also contains new guidance in Section 8.2.5 for raised pedestrian crossings and Section 10.3.1 for short stacking and editorial changes to Appendices A, B and C. This content has been transferred into the body of this Guide or the Guide to Road Design Part4A: Unsignalised and Signalised Intersections.
Edition 2.1 contains an updated Figure 1.1 and minor editorial and technical changes to Sections 1.3, 3.2, 3.7, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 5.2, 5.3, 8.1 and 10.1. Duplicated material from the Appendix that is already contained in the Guide to Traffic Management has been removed.
Edition 2.0 contains minor editorial and technical changes to Sections 1.3, 2.2, 3.1, 5.2, 6.3, and 8.1. Updates have also been made throughout this edition to include new and updated reference material, and cross-references added to other Guides.
This edition also incorporates sections transferred from Guide to Road Design Part 4A that provide information relating to traffic management. This information has been included as Appendix A to Appendix D.
Tram facilities and taxi rank information has been deleted as it related to traffic management information that is better located in the Guide to Traffic Management.
Other changes to this edition include:
- Section 1: Introduction: Updates to road safety including the Safe System principles.
- Section 2: Types of Intersections: Additional information relating to the types of intersection.
- Section 3: Road Design Considerations for Intersections: Additional information relating to the considerations in selecting a type of intersection.
- Section 5: Design Vehicle: Updated information on design vehicles to align with the revised Austroads vehicle turning templates guide.
- Section 6: Public Transport at Intersections: Updates to the bus facilities.
- Section 8: Pedestrian Crossings: Additional information provided on the types of crossings.
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Purpose
- 1.2 Scope of this Part
- 1.3 Road Safety
- 1.3.1 Providing for a Safe System
- 1.3.2 Contribution of Intersections to Road Safety
- 1.3.3 Progressive Safety Updates to the Guide to Road Design
- 1.4 Design Criteria in Part 4
- 2. Types of Intersection
- 2.1 Basic Forms of Intersection
- 2.2 Types of Turn Treatments
- 2.3 Intersection Selection
- 2.3.1 General Considerations
- 2.3.2 Layout Considerations
- 3. Road Design Considerations for Intersections
- 3.1 Road Users
- 3.2 Provision for Large/Special Vehicles
- 3.3 Topography and Land Availability
- 3.4 Environment and Heritage
- 3.5 Physical Constraints
- 3.6 Decision Making
- 3.7 Work Health and Safety
- 3.8 Other Considerations
- 3.8.1 Pavement Markings and Signs
- 3.8.2 Road Lighting
- 3.8.3 Streetscaping
- 3.8.4 Maintenance Considerations
- 3.8.5 Importance of Seal and Approach Delineation
- 4. Design Process
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 Basic Data for Design
- 4.3 Location of Intersections
- 4.4 Design Speed
- 4.5 Road Cross-section
- 4.5.1 Cross-section Elements
- 4.5.2 Traffic Lanes
- 4.5.3 Medians
- 4.5.4 Footpaths
- 4.5.5 Roadside Areas
- 5. Design Vehicle
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Selection of Design Vehicle
- 5.3 Checking Vehicles
- 5.4 Restricted Access Vehicles
- 5.5 Visibility from Vehicles
- 5.6 Design Vehicle Swept Path
- 5.6.1 General
- 5.6.2 Radius of Turn
- 5.6.3 Clearances to Swept Paths of Turning Vehicles
- 6. Public Transport at Intersections
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Design Vehicle
- 6.3 Bus Facilities
- 6.3.1 Bus Lanes
- 6.3.2 Providing for Buses and Bicycles
- 6.3.3 Bus Facilities in Medians
- 6.3.4 Bus Stops
- 7. Property Access and Median Openings
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Property Access
- 7.2.1 Access Spacing and Proximity of Driveways to Intersections
- 7.2.2 Urban Roads
- 7.2.3 Rural Roads
- 7.3 Median Openings
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Location
- 7.3.3 Design Requirements
- 8. Pedestrian Crossings
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.1.1 General
- 8.1.2 Types of Crossings
- 8.2 Mid-block Crossings on Roads
- 8.2.1 General Considerations for Design
- 8.2.2 General Crossing Treatments
- 8.2.3 Kerb Ramps for Pedestrians
- 8.2.4 Pedestrian (Zebra) Crossing
- 8.2.5 Raised Pedestrian (Wombat) Crossing
- 8.2.6 Time-separated (Controlled Traffic) Facilities
- 8.2.7 Signalised Crossings
- 8.2.8 Crossings for Children
- 8.3 Signalised Intersection Crossings
- 8.3.1 Pedestrian Crossings
- 8.1 Introduction
- 9. Cyclist Crossings
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Kerb Ramps for Cycling
- 9.3 Unsignalised Crossings
- 9.3.1 Path Crossings of Intersecting Local Access Roads
- 9.3.2 Low Volume Streets
- 9.3.3 Refuges away from Intersections
- 9.3.4 Refuges within Unsignalised Intersections
- 9.3.5 Cyclist Priority Treatment at Path Crossings of Low-volume Streets
- 9.4 Signalised Intersection Crossings
- 9.4.1 Separated Path Crossings
- 9.4.2 Right Turns from Off-road Bicycle Paths
- 9.5 Signalised Mid-block Crossings
- 9.6 Path Terminals
- 9.7 Intersections between Off-road Paths
- 10. Rail Crossings
- 10.1 General
- 10.2 Sight Distance
- 10.2.1 Sight Triangles
- 10.2.2 Angle of Approach
- 10.3 Horizontal Alignment
- 10.3.1 Short Stacking
- 10.4 Vertical Alignment
- 10.4.1 Road Grading
- 10.5 Cross-section
- 10.5.1 Width
- 10.5.2 Crossfall
- 10.6 Pedestrians and Cyclists
- References
- Appendix A Crash Types at Unsignalised Intersections
- A.1 Australian Study
- A.2 New Zealand Studies
- Appendix B Access Spacing
- B.1 Introduction
- B.2 Safety
- B.3 Stopping Sight Distance
- B.4 Intersection Sight Distance
- B.5 Left-turn Conflict Overlap
- B.6 Influence Distance
- B.7 Egress Capacity
- B.8 Consideration of Other Methods
- B.9 Summary of Access Spacing Methods
- B.10 Corner Clearance
- Appendix C Derivation of Sight Distance Requirements at Railway Level Crossings
- C.1 General
- C.2 Case 1: Sight Distance Required for Give Way Control
- C.3 Case 1(i): Decelerate and Safety Stop at the Stop or Holding Line
- C.4 Case 1(ii): Proceed and Clear the Crossing with an Adequate Safety Margin
- C.5 Case 2: Sight Distance Required for STOP Sign Control