Pavement
Development of Design Procedures for Lightly Bound Cemented Materials in Flexible Pavements
- Publication no: AP-R640-20
- ISBN: 978-1-922382-35-1
- Published: 13 November 2020
- PDF (free) Download
There is a need to improve Austroads procedures for the structural design of pavements containing lightly bound cemented (LBC) materials.
This report describes the findings of an investigation of the performance of Queensland pavements with LBC bases. It describes the construction and performance monitoring of two trial sections from which in situ LBC moduli were estimated. Laboratory testing was undertaken to improve understanding of the cracking characteristics of LBC materials compared to heavily bound cemented (HBC) materials.
Unconfined compressive strength requirements for LBC materials are proposed. A structural design method was developed for pavement containing LBC materials and HBC materials in the post-cracking phase of life.
- Summary
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Purpose
- 1.3 Scope
- 1.4 Methodology
- 2. Research Needs and Project Scope
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Road Agency Needs
- 2.2.1 Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads
- 2.2.2 Main Roads Western Australia
- 2.2.3 Transport for NSW
- 2.2.4 Department of Transport Victoria
- 2.2.5 Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure South Australia
- 2.2.6 Department of State Growth Tasmania
- 2.3 Discussion at Austroads PSWG meeting October 2014
- 2.3.1 Type of Lightly Bound Material
- 2.3.2 Project Objectives
- 3. Use of Cement Modified and Lightly Bound Cemented Materials
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads
- 3.2.1 New Constructions
- 3.2.2 Pavement Rehabilitations
- 3.3 Main Roads Western Australia
- 3.3.1 Rural Floodways
- 3.3.2 Hydrated Cement-treated Crushed Rock Base
- 3.4 Department of Transport Victoria
- 3.5 Transport for NSW
- 3.6 Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure, South Australia
- 3.7 Department of State Growth Tasmania
- 3.8 New Zealand Transport Agency
- 4. Literature Review
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Distress Modes of Cement-treated Materials
- 4.2.1 Distress Modes
- 4.2.2 Description of Cracking
- 4.3 Shrinkage Cracking
- 4.3.1 Introduction
- 4.3.2 Mechanism of Shrinkage
- 4.3.3 Measures to Reduce Shrinkage Cracking of Cemented Materials
- 4.3.4 Inducing Early-life Micro-cracking to Reduce Shrinkage Cracking
- 4.4 Fatigue Cracking
- 4.4.1 Introduction
- 4.4.2 Laboratory Fatigue Characterisation
- 4.4.3 Fatigue under Accelerated Loading
- 4.5 Investigation of New Zealand Stabilised Pavements
- 4.6 Summary
- 5. Performance Review of Selected Queensland Pavements
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Queensland Field Site Investigation
- 5.2.1 Methodology
- 5.2.2 Field Site Investigation: Preliminary Findings
- 5.3 Review of Network Pavement Condition Data
- 5.3.1 Introduction
- 5.3.2 Cracking Type
- 5.3.3 Factors Associated with Cracking
- 5.4 Detailed Pavement Investigations
- 5.4.1 Introduction
- 5.4.2 Site 2/2A Cunningham Highway (Inglewood – Goondiwindi)
- 5.4.3 Site 16 Dawson Highway (Gladstone – Biloela)
- 5.5 Conclusions
- 6. In situ Modulus of LBC Bases
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Field Trial Site A – Bruce Highway, Collinson’s Lagoon
- 6.2.1 Location
- 6.2.2 Historical Data and Design Traffic
- 6.2.3 Existing Pavement Before Treatment
- 6.2.4 Site Works
- 6.2.5 Surface Deflection Measurements
- 6.2.6 FWD Back-calculation of Modulus Values
- 6.2.7 Trial Site A Conclusions
- 6.3 Field Trial Site B – Bruce Highway Barratta Creeks
- 6.3.1 Location
- 6.3.2 Existing Pavement Before Treatment
- 6.3.3 Site Works
- 6.3.4 UCS Testing
- 6.3.5 Surface Deflection Measurements
- 6.3.6 Back-calculation of Modulus Values
- 6.3.7 Trial Site B Conclusions
- 7. Conventional Laboratory Characterisation Testing
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Testing
- 7.3 Indirect Tensile Modulus Testing
- 7.4 Indirect Tensile Strength Testing
- 7.5 Flexural Modulus Testing
- 7.6 Flexural Strength Testing
- 7.7 Summary
- 8. Wheel-Tracking Fatigue Testing of Cemented Materials
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Development of Test Method
- 8.2.1 Introduction
- 8.2.2 Equipment
- 8.2.3 Method to Prepare Test Slabs
- 8.2.4 Fatigue Test Method
- 8.2.5 Deflection Instrumentation and Monitoring
- 8.2.6 Fatigue Damage Characterisation
- 8.3 Application of Test Method
- 8.3.1 Introduction
- 8.3.2 Test Materials
- 8.3.3 Compaction of Mixtures
- 8.3.4 Curing
- 8.3.5 Results
- 8.4 Summary of Findings
- 9. Structural Design of Pavements Containing Cracked Cemented Materials
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Fatigue Life of LBC Layers
- 9.3 Definition of LBC
- 9.3.1 Current Austroads Definitions
- 9.3.2 TMR Definitions
- 9.3.3 Proposed Austroads Definition of Lightly Bound Cemented Materials
- 9.3.4 Austroads Test Method for Preparation of UCS Test Specimens
- 9.4 Elastic Characterisation for Pavement Design
- 9.4.1 Introduction
- 9.4.2 Factors Affecting Cracked Cemented Material Moduli
- 9.4.3 Proposed Austroads Elastic Characterisation
- 9.5 Inhibiting Macro-cracking of LBC bases
- 9.5.1 Introduction
- 9.5.2 Minimum Support to LBC Base
- 9.5.3 Minimum Base Thicknesses
- 9.5.4 Design Moduli of Underlying Granular Layers
- 9.6 Use of Mechanistic – Empirical Design Method
- 9.7 Proposed Changes to the Guide to Pavement Technology
- 10. Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Appendix A Performance Review of Selected Queensland Pavements: Inspections
- A.1 Introduction
- A.2 Site 1: Cunningham Highway (Ipswich – Warwick)
- A.2.1 Overview
- A.2.2 Performance Summary
- A.3 Site 2 and 2A: Cunningham Highway (Inglewood – Goondiwindi)
- A.3.1 Overview
- A.3.2 Performance Summary
- A.4 Sites 5 and 5A: Malanda – Atherton Road
- A.4.1 Overview
- A.4.2 Performance Summary
- A.5 Site 6: Flinders Highway (Hughenden – Richmond)
- A.5.1 Overview
- A.5.2 Performance Summary
- A.6 Sites 7: Flinders Highway (Hughenden – Richmond)
- A.6.1 Overview
- A.6.2 Performance Summary
- A.7 Site 8: Bruce Highway (Bowen – Ayr)
- A.7.1 Overview
- A.7.2 Performance Summary
- A.8 Site 9: Bruce Highway (Bowen – Ayr)
- A.8.1 Overview
- A.8.2 Performance Summary
- A.9 Site 10: North Townsville Road
- A.9.1 Overview
- A.9.2 Performance Summary
- A.10 Site 11: Douglas – Garbutt Road (Duckworth St)
- A.10.1 Overview
- A.10.2 Performance Summary
- A.11 Site 12: Bruce Highway (Townsville – Ingham)
- A.11.1 Overview
- A.11.2 Performance Summary
- A.12 Site 13: Bruce Highway (Townsville – Ingham)
- A.12.1 Overview
- A.12.2 Pavement Summary
- A.13 Sites 14 & 14A: Bundaberg – Miriam Vale Road
- A.13.1 Overview
- A.13.2 Performance Summary
- A.14 Site 15 Western Yeppoon – Emu Park Road
- A.14.1 Overview
- A.14.2 Performance Summary
- A.15 Site 16: Dawson Highway (Gladstone – Biloela)
- A.15.1 Overview
- A.15.2 Performance Summary
- A.16 Sites 17 & 17A: Dawson Highway (Biloela – Banana)
- A.16.1 Overview
- A.16.2 Performance Summary
- Appendix B Surface Deflections Bruce Highway Collinson’s Lagoon
- Appendix C Surface Deflections Bruce Highway Barratta Creeks
- Appendix D Material Splitting and Mixing Procedure
- D.1 Introduction
- D.2 Splitting
- D.3 Mixing Procedure
- Appendix E Compaction of Wheel-tracking Slabs
- Appendix F Wheel-tracking Fatigue Test Method
- Appendix G Wheel-tracking Test Deflection Plots
- Appendix H Vibrating Table Results
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