Pavement
Guide to Pavement Technology Part 8: Pavement Construction
- Publication no: AGPT08-19
- ISBN: 978-1-925854-53-4
- Published: 21 October 2019
- Edition: 2.0
- PDF (free) Download
Guide to Pavement Technology Part 8: Pavement Construction provides advice on the general requirements for the management of quality assurance, construction planning, earthworks, subsurface drainage, unbound pavements, stabilised pavements, sprayed bituminous surfacings, asphalt pavements and surfacings, and concrete pavements. The advice has been generally developed from the approaches followed by Austroads member authorities. However, as it encompasses the wide range of materials and conditions found in Australia and New Zealand, some parts are broadly based.
The target audience for the Austroads Guide to Pavement Technology includes all those involved with the management of roads, including industry, and students seeking to learn more about the fundamental concepts, principles, issues and procedures associated with pavement technology.
Changes in Edition 2.0 include:
- Section 1: updates to workplace health and safety, prequalification of contractors, working near utilities and building information modelling
- Section 2: consolidation of content on common conformity assessment practices for different pavement materials and layers
- Section 3: additional information to address requirements for new construction to be undertaken at night and reducing congestion around work sites
- Section 4: additional terminology related to earthworks construction, new section on Benkelman Beam Testing
- Section 6 and 7: minor revisions
- Section 8: early entry sawing and diamond grinding introduced
- Section 9: expanded section on plant-mix stabilisation using foamed bitumen and lime
- Section 10: extensive changes to reflect recently published Austroads bituminous sealing guides and reports outlining new design approaches to initial and final seals
- New Appendix A, B and C.
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Guide to Pavement Technology
- 1.2 Workplace Health and Safety
- 1.3 Specifications and Test Methods
- 1.4 Prequalified or Registered Contractors
- 1.5 Working Near Utilities
- 1.6 Building Information Modelling
- 2. Quality Assurance
- 2.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- 2.1.1 Quality Assurance
- 2.1.2 Quality Control
- 2.1.3 Responsibilities
- 2.2 Conformance and Specification
- 2.2.1 Concept of Lots
- 2.2.2 Statistics and Quality Assurance
- 2.2.3 Selection of Samples
- 2.2.4 Limits in Standard Specifications
- 2.3 Systems
- 2.3.1 Quality Management System
- 2.3.2 Quality Assurance Manual
- 2.3.3 Project Quality Plan
- 2.3.4 Inspection and Test Plans
- 2.3.5 Checklists
- 2.3.6 Hold Points
- 2.3.7 Nonconformity and Nonconformance Reports
- 2.3.8 Corrective Action and Corrective Action Reports
- 2.3.9 Auditing
- 2.4 Surveillance of Construction Works
- 2.5 Conformance Testing and Assessment
- 2.5.1 Frequency of testing
- 2.5.2 NATA Laboratory Accreditation
- 2.5.3 Determination of finished pavement properties
- 2.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control
- 3. Construction Planning
- 3.1 Planning for Pavement Works
- 3.2 Traffic Control Plans
- 3.3 Night Work
- 4. Earthworks
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Earthworks Materials
- 4.2.1 Types of Earthworks Materials
- 4.2.2 Winning Earthworks Materials
- 4.2.3 Processing Earthworks Materials
- 4.2.4 Delivery of Earthworks Materials
- 4.3 Setting Out for Earthworks Construction
- 4.3.1 Manual Control
- 4.3.2 Automatic Control
- 4.4 Preparation for Earthworks Construction
- 4.4.1 Treatment of Unsuitable Material
- 4.4.2 Treatment of Cuttings at Cut Floor Level
- 4.4.3 Treatment of Cut to Fill Zones
- 4.4.4 Completion of Formation (Surface of Earthworks)
- 4.5 Geotextiles and Geogrids
- 4.5.1 Types, Specification and Supply
- 4.5.2 Handling and Storage
- 4.5.3 Robustness Requirements
- 4.5.4 Joining
- 4.5.5 Placement Requirements
- 4.6 Levelling and Trimming Operations
- 4.7 Compaction
- 4.7.1 Moisture Content
- 4.7.2 Layer Thickness, Type and Uniformity of Material being Compacted
- 4.7.3 Compaction Equipment
- 4.7.4 Environmental Influences
- 4.8 Finished Earthwork Properties
- 4.8.1 Proof (or Test) Rolling
- 4.8.2 Benkelman Beam Testing
- 4.8.3 Level Tolerances
- 4.8.4 Compaction
- 4.8.5 Frequency of Testing
- 5. Subsurface Drainage
- 5.1 Trenching
- 5.2 Pipes
- 5.2.1 Prefabricated Structural Drainage
- 5.3 Granular Filters
- 5.4 Geotextile Filters
- 5.5 No Fines Concrete Filters
- 5.6 Flushing
- 5.7 Finishing Details
- 6. Unbound Granular Pavements
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Project planning
- 6.3 Supply of Granular Materials
- 6.3.1 Production of Granular Materials
- 6.3.2 Preparation of Granular Materials Prior to Delivery
- 6.3.3 Delivery of Granular Materials to Site
- 6.4 Placement of Granular Materials
- 6.4.1 Preparation of the Underlying Materials
- 6.4.2 Grader-placed Layers
- 6.4.3 Mechanical Spreaders
- 6.4.4 Jointing
- 6.5 Compaction of Granular Materials
- 6.6 Preparation Prior to Surfacing
- 6.7 Finished Pavement Properties
- 7. Asphalt Pavements
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.1.1 Specification and Supply of Materials for Asphalt
- 7.1.2 Audit and Surveillance of Asphalt Paving Contract Work
- 7.1.3 Work Tips and Technical Notes
- 7.2 Planning and Preparation for Asphalt Paving
- 7.2.1 General
- 7.2.2 Planning
- 7.2.3 Paving Trials
- 7.3 Preparation of Pavement Surface
- 7.3.1 Cleaning
- 7.3.2 Correction of Defects in Bituminous Surfaces
- 7.3.3 Correction of Defects in Concrete Surfaces
- 7.3.4 Cold Milling
- 7.3.5 Pretreatment of Granular Subbase
- 7.3.6 Pretreatment of Concrete Surfaces
- 7.3.7 Utilities
- 7.4 Climatic Conditions
- 7.4.1 General
- 7.4.2 Pavement Temperature
- 7.4.3 Moisture
- 7.4.4 Risk Management
- 7.5 Tackcoating
- 7.5.1 General
- 7.5.2 Application
- 7.5.3 Precautions
- 7.6 Transport of Asphalt
- 7.6.1 General
- 7.6.2 Vehicles
- 7.6.3 Release Agents
- 7.6.4 Continuous Paving Operations
- 7.7 Transfer of Asphalt from Trucks to Paver
- 7.8 Paver Performance and Screed Operation
- 7.8.1 General
- 7.8.2 Tractor Unit
- 7.8.3 Screed Unit
- 7.8.4 Automatic Sensing and Levelling Equipment
- 7.8.5 Paver Stoppages
- 7.9 Spreading Operations
- 7.9.1 General
- 7.9.2 Setting Out
- 7.9.3 Spreading by Paver
- 7.9.4 Spreading by Grader
- 7.9.5 Spreading by Hand
- 7.9.6 Layer Thickness
- 7.9.7 Joints
- 7.9.8 Paving Output
- 7.9.9 Automatic Level Control
- 7.9.10 Service Fittings
- 7.10 Compaction
- 7.10.1 General
- 7.10.2 Compaction Equipment
- 7.10.3 Mix Temperatures for Placing
- 7.10.4 Determination and Use of Temperature Profiles
- 7.10.5 Roller Numbers and Speed
- 7.10.6 Rolling Procedures
- 7.10.7 Rolling of Transverse Joints
- 7.10.8 Rolling of Longitudinal Joints
- 7.10.9 Initial Rolling
- 7.10.10 Intermediate Rolling
- 7.10.11 Final Rolling
- 7.10.12 Special Techniques
- 7.10.13 Rolling Pattern
- 7.10.14 Hand Compaction
- 7.10.15 Compaction of Deep-Lift Asphalt
- 7.10.16 Compaction of Stone Mastic Asphalt
- 7.10.17 Compaction of Open Graded Asphalt
- 7.10.18 Placing and Compaction of Ultra-Thin Open Graded Asphalt Surfacing
- 7.11 Finished Pavement Properties
- 7.1 Introduction
- 8. Concrete Pavements
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Construction in Layers
- 8.2.1 Subbase Types
- 8.2.2 Base Types
- 8.2.3 Wearing Surface
- 8.3 Overview of Construction Process
- 8.4 Surface Preparation
- 8.5 Concrete Production and Delivery
- 8.5.1 Concrete Batch Plants
- 8.5.2 Delivery of Concrete
- 8.5.3 Retempering
- 8.6 Steel Reinforcement
- 8.7 Placement of Concrete
- 8.7.1 Manual Placement
- 8.7.2 Placement by Slipform Paver
- 8.7.3 Consideration of Climatic Conditions
- 8.7.4 Pre-hardening Cracks
- 8.8 Compaction of Concrete
- 8.8.1 Compaction by Hand
- 8.8.2 Compaction by Slipform Paver
- 8.9 Finishing
- 8.9.1 Subbase
- 8.9.2 Base
- 8.10 Curing
- 8.10.1 Application Rate
- 8.10.2 Timing of Application
- 8.10.3 Duration of Curing
- 8.10.4 Curing Compounds and Linemarking
- 8.10.5 Early Trafficking of Pavement
- 8.11 Joints
- 8.11.1 Sawn Joints
- 8.11.2 Dowel and Tiebars
- 8.11.3 Sealants
- 8.12 Finished Pavement Properties
- 9. Stabilised Pavements
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.1.1 Specification and Supply of Materials to be Stabilised
- 9.1.2 Audit and Surveillance of Stabilisation Contract Work
- 9.2 Project Planning
- 9.2.1 General
- 9.2.2 Production Levels
- 9.2.3 Initial Site Preparation
- 9.3 In Situ Stabilisation
- 9.3.1 Application and Mixing of Powder Binders
- 9.3.2 Application and Mixing of Liquid Binders
- 9.3.3 Adding Water During Stabilisation
- 9.3.4 Mixing
- 9.3.5 Joints
- 9.3.6 Multi-layered Stabilised Pavements
- 9.3.7 Compaction
- 9.3.8 Curing
- 9.3.9 Levelling and Trimming
- 9.4 Plant Mix Stabilisation
- 9.4.1 Manufacture
- 9.4.2 Placement, Compaction and Curing
- 9.4.3 Surface Sealing
- 9.5 Finish Pavement Properties
- 9.1 Introduction
- 10. Sprayed Sealing
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.1.1 Audit and Surveillance of Sprayed Sealing Contract Work
- 10.1.2 Work Tips and Technical Notes
- 10.2 Preparation for Sprayed Sealing
- 10.2.1 Preparation of Granular Surfaces
- 10.2.2 Treatments Prior to Resealing
- 10.2.3 Preparation of Concrete Surfaces
- 10.2.4 Preparation of Timber Surfaces
- 10.2.5 Preparation of Asphalt Surfaces
- 10.2.6 Preparation of Bound Material Surfaces
- 10.3 Supply of Materials
- 10.3.1 Stockpiling Aggregates
- 10.3.2 Supply and Storage of Bituminous Materials
- 10.3.3 Field Preparation of Bitumen Binders
- 10.4 Bitumen Sprayer
- 10.4.1 Description
- 10.4.2 Spraying Nozzles
- 10.4.3 Sprayer Controls and Instruments
- 10.4.4 Calibration and Certification of Bitumen Sprayers
- 10.5 Placement of Sprayed Bituminous Surfacings
- 10.5.1 Preliminary Activities
- 10.5.2 Priming
- 10.5.3 Initial sealing
- 10.5.4 Sealing
- 10.5.5 Other Seal and Reseal Treatments
- 10.6 Finished Sealing Properties
- 10.7 Treatment of Nonconformities
- 10.7.1 General
- 10.7.2 Flushed, Fatty or Bleeding Surfaces
- 10.7.3 Aggregate Plucking
- 10.7.4 Rain on New Work
- 10.7.5 Stripping
- 10.1 Introduction
- References
- Appendix A Agency Specifications and Test Methods
- Appendix B Sample Field Operations Checklist
- Appendix C Trouble Shooting Guide
Related publications
AP-PWT00-23
AP-PWT04-21
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