Low and Zero Emission Vehicles
Low and Zero Emission Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Installation
- Publication no: AP-R676-22
- ISBN: 978-1-922700-52-0
- Published: 15 September 2022
- PDF (free) Download
This report details the methodology and findings of a project to develop guidance for agencies planning, installing, and operating charging infrastructure for non-commercial passenger vehicles with battery-electric or hybrid propulsion. This study focuses on publicly accessible charging infrastructure in the road reserve or road-related areas, primarily in rural towns, rural highways and high density urban residential areas.
Three central themes emerged from the research:
- The field has undergone both a divergence and convergence in market offerings over the last decade and is now clearly trending towards greater interoperability which is a crucial factor for user experience.
- The field is highly dynamic – the underlying technologies, service provider offerings, regulations and Standards are all evolving rapidly. This will necessitate the guidance from this research to be regularly re-evaluated.
- When Australia’s comparative lack of infrastructure maturity is viewed alongside this dynamic environment, many additional avenues for research are identified including upstream strategic questions, expanded use case considerations and the impact of technologies anticipated to be implementation ready within the next five years.
- Summary
- Glossary
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Objectives
- 3. Scope
- 4. Research Methodology
- 4.1 Literature Review
- 4.2 Stakeholder Engagement
- 4.3 Gap Analysis
- 4.4 Additional Research
- 5. Literature Review
- 5.1 Objectives
- 5.2 Planning
- 5.2.1 Stakeholder Engagement
- 5.2.2 Goal Setting and Considerations for Installing Charging Stations
- 5.2.3 Hardware Selection
- 5.2.4 Networked Charging
- 5.2.5 User Awareness
- 5.3 Site Selection and Station Design
- 5.3.1 Site Selection
- 5.3.2 Station Design
- 5.4 Installation, Operations, Interoperability, Maintenance and Decommissioning
- 5.4.1 Installation
- 5.4.2 Operations
- 5.4.3 Interoperability
- 5.4.4 Maintenance
- 5.4.5 Decommissioning
- 5.5 Literature Review Key Findings
- 6. Stakeholder Engagement
- 6.1 Participants
- 6.2 Process
- 6.2.1 Surveys
- 6.2.2 Workshops
- 6.2.3 Interviews
- 6.3 Findings
- 6.3.1 In-scope
- 6.3.2 Out-of-scope
- 7. Gap Analysis
- 8. Additional Research: Discussion and Conclusions
- 8.1 Planning for the Future
- 8.2 Payment Platforms
- 8.2.1 Membership-based Payments
- 8.2.2 Ad-hoc Payments
- 8.2.3 Behaviour-change
- 8.3 Diagnostics and Data Collection
- 8.4 Cybersecurity
- 8.5 Maintenance Service Planning
- 8.5.1 Short-term Planning
- 8.5.2 Medium-term Planning
- 8.5.3 Long-term Planning
- 8.6 Planning for Decommissioning
- 9. Areas for Future Research
- 9.1 Strategy
- 9.1.1 Infrastructure Deployment Strategies
- 9.2 Charging Technology
- 9.2.1 Inductive Charging / Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)
- 9.2.2 Battery Swap
- 9.2.3 DC Micro-Grids
- 9.2.4 Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
- 9.2.5 800VDC + Vehicle OBC (On-Board Chargers)
- 9.2.6 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
- 9.3 Use Cases
- 9.3.1 On-street Public-access Charging
- 9.3.2 Remote Locations
- 9.3.3 Heavy Trucks
- 9.3.4 Opportunity Charging for Buses, Autonomous Shuttles and ‘Robo-taxis’
- 9.4 Operations
- 9.4.1 Payment Systems
- 9.4.2 Cybersecurity
- 9.1 Strategy
- 10. Summary of Recommendations
- References
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