Bridges
Bridge Design Guidelines for Earthquakes
- Publication no: AP-T200-12
- ISBN: 978-1-921991-25-7
- Published: 30 May 2012
- PDF (free) Download
Despite the fact that the occurrence of large earthquakes in Australia is rare, the consequences can be fatal and costly. The performance of bridges during and after earthquake events is critical in ensuring that road networks remain operational and importantly provide access for emergency services. The project investigated current Australian and international seismic design practices and formulates new force-based and displacement-based code provisions for the design of bridges to earthquake loads suitable for inclusion in current Australian design codes.
The key outcomes of this report not only ensure national consistency in bridge design for earthquakes in Australia but also provide bridge design practitioners with extensive background information and an alternative design methodology in line with world best practice.
- 1.1. Background
- 1.2. Purpose
- 1.3. Scope
- 1.4. Structure of the Guidelines
- 2.1. Overview of Bridge Design Steps for Earthquakes
- 2.2. Importance Factor and Return Period
- 2.3. Site Hazard Factor (Acceleration Coefficient)
- 2.4. Site Subsoil Class
- 2.5. Bridge Earthquake Design Category (BEDC)
- 2.5.1. Review of BEDC Determination
- 2.5.2. Proposed Solution to Determine BEDC
- 2.6. Assessment of Required Analysis
- 2.6.1. Required Analysis in ASÂ 5100.2
- 2.6.2. Proposed Analysis Requirements
- 2.7. Static Analysis
- 2.7.1. Fundamental Period of the Bridge
- 2.7.2. Spectral Shape Factor
- 2.7.3. Bridge Ductility and Structural Performance Factors
- 2.7.4. Vertical Earthquake Force
- 2.7.5. Horizontal Earthquake Force Distribution
- 2.8. Dynamic Analysis
- 2.9. Provision for Displacement-based Analysis
- 3.1. Design Philosophy, Procedure and Approach
- 3.2. Importance Factor in Each Code
- 3.3. Design Earthquake (Return Period)
- 3.4. Methods of Analysis
- 3.4.1. No Analysis Provision
- 3.4.2. Elastic Static Analysis (ESA)
- 3.4.3. Elastic Dynamic Analysis (EDA)
- 3.4.4. Inelastic Static Analysis (ISA) – Push Over Analysis
- 3.4.5. Inelastic Dynamic Analysis (IDA)
- 3.4.6. Developments in Analysis Method
- 3.5. Bridge Regularity Definition
- 4.1. General
- 4.2. Bridge Classification and Importance Level
- 4.3. Design Limit States
- 4.4. Bridge Earthquake Design Category
- 4.4.1. General
- 4.4.2. Annual Probability of Exceedance of Design Earthquake (P)
- 4.4.3. Probability Factor (kp)
- 4.4.4. Design Seismic Hazard Factor (Z)
- 4.4.5. Spectral Shape Factor (Ch(T))
- 4.4.6. Site Subsoil Class
- 5.4.1. General
- 5.4.2. Annual Probability of Exceedance of Design Earthquake (P)
- 5.4.3. Probability Factor (kp)
- 5.4.4. Design Seismic Hazard Factor (Z)
- 5.4.5. Elastic Displacement Spectral Shape Factor Δh(T)
- 4.5. Design Acceleration Spectrum for Earthquake Response
- 4.5.1. Elastic Design Spectrum for Horizontal Earthquake Response
- 4.5.2. Elastic Design Spectrum for Vertical Earthquake Response
- 4.5.3. Reduced Design Forces for Ductile Response
- 4.6. Methods of Analysis for Earthquake Effects
- 4.6.1. General
- 4.6.2. Requirements for BEDC-1
- 4.6.3. Requirements for BEDC-2
- 4.6.4. Requirements for BEDC-3
- 4.6.5. Requirements for BEDC-4
- 5.8.1. General
- 5.8.2. Requirements for BEDC-1
- 5.8.3. Requirements for BEDC-2
- 5.8.4. Requirements for BEDC-3
- 5.8.5. Requirements for BEDC-4
- 4.7. Earthquake Horizontal Forces Determined from Static Analysis
- 4.7.1. Seismic Mass Distribution
- 4.7.2. Lateral Stiffness
- 4.7.3. Frame Fundamental Period in the Transverse Direction
- 4.7.4. Frame Design Horizontal Earthquake Force
- 4.7.5. Distribution of Design Horizontal Earthquake Force
- 4.7.6. Design Earthquake Moments for Potential Plastic Hinges
- 4.7.7. Design Abutment Reactions
- 4.7.8. Vertical Seismic Response
- 4.7.9. Soil Behaviour
- 4.7.10. Ductile Behaviour
- 4.8. Earthquake Horizontal Forces Determined from Dynamic Analysis
- 4.9. Required Moment Capacity
- 4.9.1. At Potential Plastic Hinge Locations
- 4.9.2. At Other Locations
- 5.14.1. At Potential Plastic Hinge Locations
- 5.14.2. At Other Locations
- 4.10. Seismic Displacements
- 4.11. P-Δ Effects
- 4.12. Capacity Design
- 4.13. Structural Detailing Requirements for Earthquake Effects
- 4.13.1. General
- 4.13.2. Restraining Devices
- 4.13.3. Provision for Horizontal Movements
- 4.13.4. Grade L Reinforcement
- 4.13.5. Column Detailing
- 5.1. General
- 5.2. Bridge Classification and Importance Level
- 5.3. Ultimate Limit State
- 5.4. Bridge Earthquake Design Category
- 5.5. Design Displacement Spectrum for Earthquake Response
- 5.5.1. Elastic Design Spectrum for Horizontal Earthquake Response
- 5.5.2. Elastic Design Spectrum for Vertical Response
- 5.5.3. Reduced Design Displacement Spectrum for Ductile Response
- 5.6. Seismic Mass Distribution
- 5.7. Pier Yield Displacement Check
- 5.7.1. Yield Displacement Capacity of Piers
- 5.7.2. Criteria for Exemption from Specific Earthquake Design
- 5.8. Methods of Analysis for Earthquake Effects
- 5.9. Representation of a Bridge Frame as SDOF Structure
- 5.9.1. Design Horizontal Earthquake Force from Displacement-Based Design Analysis
- 5.9.2. Frame Characteristic Horizontal Displacement in the Transverse Direction
- 5.9.3. Equivalent Frame Stiffness
- 5.9.4. Frame Effective Mass
- 5.9.5. Frame Equivalent Natural Period
- 5.9.6. Frame Equivalent Viscous Damping
- 5.9.7. Equivalent Viscous Damping of Component Actions
- 5.10. Ductile Displacement Capacity
- 5.10.1. Lateral Displacement Profile of a Frame in the Transverse Direction
- 5.10.2. Strain Limits for Serviceability Limit State
- 5.10.3. Strain Limits for Ultimate Limit State
- 5.11. Distribution of Design Horizontal Force (in the Transverse Direction)
- 5.12. Design Seismic Moments in Potential Plastic Hinges
- 5.13. Vertical Seismic Response
- 5.14. Required Moment Capacity
- 5.15. P-Δ Effects
- 5.16. Design Abutment Forces
- 5.17. Capacity Design
- 5.18. Structural Detailing Requirements for Earthquake Effects
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